Islam

More than an Islamic and even religious phenomenon, ethics is a human one. Humankind, because of his being human kind, has especial spiritual capabilities, which can be actualized under a training system. The idea that humankind is able to change his disposition is the origin of ethics in human society. Whatever definition men and women provide, under the influence of their own social and historical identity, of themselves, they have been and are unanimous at lest, in the point that as being who have reason, spirit, and free will, they are other beings. Undoubtedly, this original self knowledge is one of the most original bases of the emergence of ethics.

With the advent of Islam, the ethical philosophy of Islam emerged as well; and by the attempt made by Muslim scholars it became an independent science gradually. Philosophy of ethics was introduced to the Islamic world and reflected in the works of some of Muslim scholars, employing numerous verses and had this concerning ethical and analyzed. In the Islamic world, before philosophical studies, the issue of good and evil, truth and falsehood had been discussed. Thus, the ethical principles in Islamic thought are not necessary merely because the letter is a religious thought. Rather, some philosophers, who have likened ethics to the fruit of a tree and metaphysics to its trunk, have said that the necessity of ethical values is bases on ideological principles.

Ethics, as is understood in Islam, that is the Holy Quran and tradition, and regardless of what had been discussed by various schools, has certain foundations and principles, which, while being independent of philosophical, theological, or mystical doctrines, involve the principle and foundations of some ethical system. It goes without saying that great consideration has been paid to morals in Islam. The moral teachings of the Holy Quran are of the most importance and are described in detail in it; and the Holy prophet (P.b.u.h),  and his Ahle-bayath himself, regarded moral characteristics as the goal of his mission. In the Holy Quran also, he has not been described as having an attribute better than that of being a man upright morals.

Before going to the moral foundations in Islam, it is necessary to recognize the Sirius of man according to the Holy Quran for morals are, in fact, a design of man’s Characteristics, and what is discussed in ethics is the Very issue of human values.

Inspired by the teaching of the Holy Quran and the tradition of the Holy prophet, and his ahle- bayath from the time of the Companions Muslim scholars and thinkers have always paid special attention to moral issues. For 14 centuries, they have created, due to their various views and approaches, different schools and various books. The diversity of the views and approaches of these thinkers is the main reason for the wide variety of styles in compiling books on ethics.

The Prophet also displayed great interest in the problem of succession and never failed to appoint a successor when necessary. Whenever he left Medina he would appoint a governor in his upon place. Even when he migrated from Mecca to Medina and there was as yet no idea as to what would occur, in order to have his personal affairs managed in Mecca for those few days and to give back to people what had been on trusted to him, he appointed Imam Ali-may peace be upon him-as his successor. In the same way, after his death Imam Ali was his successor in matters concerning his debts and personal affairs. The Shiites claim that for his very reason it is not conceivable that the Prophet should have died without appointing someone as his successor without having selected a guide and leader to direct the affairs of Muslims and to fern the wheels of Islamic society.

To prove the Caliphate of imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, Shiites have had recourse to Quran verses, including the following: ‘your friend (wali) can be only Allah; and His messenger (Muhammad) and those who believe, who establish worship and pay the poor-due, and bow down (in prayer) [or, and this reading is accepted by ‘Aliamaha tobatabai ‘pay the poor-due while bowing down (in prayer) Al Quran- Mahada-55 no Ayahs). Shiite and Sunni commentators alike agree that this verse was revealed concerning Ali-ibn Abi Talib, and many Shiite and Sunni traditions exist supporting this view.

This verse seems to be related to another verse which comes towards the end of the same chaplet; ‘O Messenger! Make known that which hath been revealed up to thee from thy Lord, for if thou do it not, thou will not have conveyed His message. Allah will protect thee from mankind. Al Quran- Mahada- 67 No Ayath. This verse indicates the God commanded a mission of great concern and importance to the Prophet which if not accomplished would endanger the basis if Islam and prophecy. But the matter was so important that the prophet feared opinion and interference and in waiting suitable substances delayed it, until there came a definite and urgent order from God to execute this common without delay and not to fear anyone. This matter also was not just a particular religious injunction in the ordinary sense, for to preach one or several religious injunctions is not so vital that if a single one of them were not preached it would cause the destruction of Islam. Nor did the Prophet of Islam Fear anyone in preaching the injunctions and Laws of religion.

These indications and witnesses add weight to the Shiite traditions which assert that these verses were revealed at Grader Khoum and concern the spiritual investiture (waliet) of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Moreover, many Shiite and Sunni commentators have confirmed the point.

In summary we can say that the enemies of Islam who did every thing possible to destroy it, who they last all hope of achieving this end, were left with only one hope. They thought that since the protector of Islam was the Prophet, after his death Islam would be left without a guide and leader and would thus definitely perish. But in Grader Khoum their wishes were borough to naught and the prophet presented Imam Ali as the guide and leader of Islam to the people. After Ali this heavy and necessary duty of guile and Leader was left upon the shoulders of his family.

After an Imam Ali step by stem came to the other Imams. They are 2)Hassan ibn Ali 3)Husain ibn Ali  4)Ali Ibn Husain 5)Muhammad Ibn Ali 6)Jaffa Ibn Muhammad 7)Musa Ibn Jaffa 8)Ali ibn Musa 9)Muhammad ibn Ali 10) Ali ibn Muhammad 11) Hassan ibn Ali and the twelfth imam –Muhammad Al Mahadi.

He is the last Imam who alive now a days. In the different religious that govern the world such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Islam there are references to a person who will come as the savior of mankind. These religions have usually gives happy tidings of his coming, although there are naturally certain differences in detail that can be discerned when these teachings are compared carefully. The hadith of the holy prophet upon which all Muslims agree, ‘The mahdi is of my progency ,’ refers to this same truth.